Library Guides: Citing Sources of Information 引文及列明出處: APA Style

Recommended Resources

Websites:

APA Style homepage
APA Style Blog - Check out the official APA style blog for help on citing an odd source or a sample paper.
Purdue OWL APA Style - Includes a tutorial for citing in APA style as well as sample papers and bibliographies.

Selected books:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association : The official guide to APA style. (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Concise guide to APA style : The official APA style guide for students. (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Iida, P. (2020). The concise APA handbook (APA 7th ed.). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Incorporated.
Perrin, R. (2021). Pocket guide of APA style (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Pears, R., & Shields, G. (2022). Cite them right : The essential referencing guide (12th ed.). London ; New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Schwartz, B., Landrum, R., & Gurung, R. (2021). An EasyGuide to APA style (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
鈕文英. (2022). 美國心理學會出版手冊 : 論文寫作格式 (第七版.). 臺北市: 雙葉書廊有限公司.

Examples - APA (7th)

	In-text Citation	Reference list
One author	Author's Last Name, Year of Publication (Shotton, 1989) or Shotton (1989)	Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher Name. Shotton, M.A.(1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. Taylor & Francis. Edition other than the first Romer, D. (2012). Advanced macroeconomics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Two authors	Both Author's Last Name, Year of Publication (Christian & Griffiths, 2016) or Christian and Griffiths (2016)	Author #1's Last Name, Initial., & Author #2's Last Name, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher. Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: The computer science of human decision. Henry Hold & Co.
Three or more authors	First Author's Last Name et al., Year of Publication (Kalnay et al., 1996) or Kalnay et al.(1996)	1. Three to twenty authors Author #1's Last Name, Initial, Author #2's Last Name, Initial, Author #3's Last Name, Initial, Author #4's Last Name, Initial, Author #5's Last Name, Initial, Author #6's Last Name, Initial, Author #7's Last Name, Initial, Author #8's Last Name, Initial, Author #9's Last Name, Initial, Author #10's Last Name, Initial, Author #11's Last Name, Initial, Author #12's Last Name, Initial, Author #13's Last Name, Initial,Author #14's Last Name, Initial, Author #15's Last Name, Initial, Author #16's Last Name, Initial, Author #17's Last Name, Initial, Author #18's Last Name, Initial, Author #19's Last Name, Initial & Author #20's Last Name, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher. Provides surnames and initials for up to and including twenty authors. Before the last author name, put an ampersand (&). e.g. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen. J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., & Joseph, D. (1996). 2. Twenty-one or more authors Author #1's Last Name, Initial, Author #2's Last Name, Initial, Author #3's Last Name, Initial, Author #4's Last Name, Initial, Author #5's Last Name, Initial, Author #6's Last Name, Initial, Author #7's Last Name, Initial, Author #8's Last Name, Initial, Author #9's Last Name, Initial, Author #10's Last Name, Initial, Author #11's Last Name, Initial, Author #12's Last Name, Initial, Author #13's Last Name, Initial,Author #14's Last Name, Initial, Author #15's Last Name, Initial, Author #16's Last Name, Initial, Author #17's Last Name, Initial, Author #18's Last Name, Initial, Author #19's Last Name, Initial,... Last Author Last Name, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher. Include the first 19 authors's name, insert an ellipsis (...) , then add the last author's name. e.g. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen. J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., ... Joseph, D. (1996).
Group author with abbreviation	Group Name, Abbreviation, Year of Publication First citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) or National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020) Subsequent citations: (NIMH, 2020) or NIMH (2020)	Group Author Name. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher Name. In the reference list, do not use the abbreviation. Spell out the full name of the group.
Group author without abbreviation	Group Name, Year of Publication (Stanford University, 2020) or Stanford University (2020)	Group Author Name. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher Name.
Chapter/section of edited book	Author's Last Name, Year of Publication (McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007) or McGuigan & Lehrer(2008)	Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of chapter/section. In Editor Initials. Last Name (Ed.), Title of book. (edition/volume no, pp. page range). Publisher. McGuigan, F. J., & Lehrer, P. M. (2007). Progressive relaxation: Origins, principles, and clinical applications. In P. M. Lehrer, R.L. Woolfork, & W.E. Sime (Eds.), Principles and practice of stress management(3rd ed., pp. 57-87). Guilford Press. Use plural (Eds.) if more than one editor. **If the book has an edition or volume number, list it before the page range.

In-text Citation

Reference list

One author

Author's Last Name, Year of Publication

(Shotton, 1989)

Shotton (1989)

Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher Name.

Shotton, M.A.(1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. Taylor & Francis.

Edition other than the first

Romer, D. (2012). Advanced macroeconomics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Two authors

Both Author's Last Name, Year of Publication

(Christian & Griffiths, 2016)

Christian and Griffiths (2016)

Author #1's Last Name, Initial., & Author #2's Last Name, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher.

Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: The computer science of human decision. Henry Hold & Co.

Three or more authors

First Author's Last Name et al., Year of Publication

(Kalnay et al., 1996)

Kalnay et al.(1996)

1. Three to twenty authors

Author #1's Last Name, Initial, Author #2's Last Name, Initial, Author #3's Last Name, Initial, Author #4's Last Name, Initial, Author #5's Last Name, Initial, Author #6's Last Name, Initial, Author #7's Last Name, Initial, Author #8's Last Name, Initial, Author #9's Last Name, Initial, Author #10's Last Name, Initial, Author #11's Last Name, Initial, Author #12's Last Name, Initial, Author #13's Last Name, Initial,Author #14's Last Name, Initial, Author #15's Last Name, Initial, Author #16's Last Name, Initial, Author #17's Last Name, Initial, Author #18's Last Name, Initial, Author #19's Last Name, Initial & Author #20's Last Name, Initial*. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher.

*Provides surnames and initials for up to and including twenty authors. Before the last author name, put an ampersand (&).

e.g. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen. J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., & Joseph, D. (1996).

2. Twenty-one or more authors

Author #1's Last Name, Initial, Author #2's Last Name, Initial, Author #3's Last Name, Initial, Author #4's Last Name, Initial, Author #5's Last Name, Initial, Author #6's Last Name, Initial, Author #7's Last Name, Initial, Author #8's Last Name, Initial, Author #9's Last Name, Initial, Author #10's Last Name, Initial, Author #11's Last Name, Initial, Author #12's Last Name, Initial, Author #13's Last Name, Initial,Author #14's Last Name, Initial, Author #15's Last Name, Initial, Author #16's Last Name, Initial, Author #17's Last Name, Initial, Author #18's Last Name, Initial, Author #19's Last Name, Initial,... Last Author Last Name, Initial*. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher.

* Include the first 19 authors's name, insert an ellipsis (...) , then add the last author's name.

Group author with abbreviation

Group Name, Abbreviation, Year of Publication

First citation:

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020)

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020)

Subsequent citations:

(NIMH, 2020)

NIMH (2020)

Group Author Name*. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher Name.

*In the reference list, do not use the abbreviation. Spell out the full name of the group.

Group author without abbreviation

Group Name, Year of Publication

(Stanford University, 2020)

Stanford University (2020)

Group Author Name. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Publisher Name.

Chapter/section of edited book

Author's Last Name, Year of Publication

(McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007) or

McGuigan & Lehrer(2008)

Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of chapter/section. In Editor Initials. Last Name (Ed.*), Title of book. (edition/volume no**, pp. page range). Publisher.

McGuigan, F. J., & Lehrer, P. M. (2007). Progressive relaxation: Origins, principles, and clinical applications. In P. M. Lehrer, R.L. Woolfork, & W.E. Sime (Eds.), Principles and practice of stress management(3rd ed., pp. 57-87). Guilford Press.

*Use plural (Eds.) if more than one editor.

**If the book has an edition or volume number, list it before the page range.

In-text Citation

Reference list

Author's Last Name, Year of Publication

(Madigan, 2019)

Madigan(1989)

You don't need to specify you have used an eBook if the content is the same as the print version. However, you should specify it is an eBook or audiobook if the content is different or abridged from the print copy.

Author's Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of Book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL or doi

Madigan, S. (2019). Narrative therapy (2nd ed.)[eBook edition]. American Psychology Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000131-000

In-text Citation

Reference list

Author Last Name, Year of publication

(Anderson, 2018)

Anderson(2008)

Author Last Name, initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal . volume number(issue number), page numbers.

Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequence. Educational Leadership, 76(1), 26-33.

In-text Citation

Reference list

Author Last Name, Year of publication

(Herbst-Damm & Kulik, 2005)

Herbst-Damm and Kulik(2005)

Author Last Name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. DOI or URL.

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24(1), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Format	In-text Citation	Reference list
Artwork in a museum or on a museum website	Artist Last Name, Year (Delacroix, 1826-1827) or Delacroix (1826-1827) (Wood, 1930) or Wood (1930)	Artist Last Name, initials. (Year). Title of the work. [Medium or format]. Museum Name, Museum Location. Delacroix, E. (1826-1827). Faust attempts to seduce Marguerite [Lithograph]. The Louvre, Paris, France. Artist Last Name, initials. (Year). Title of the work. [Medium or format]. Museum Name, Museum Location.URL. Wood, G. (1930). American gothic [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565
Infographic	Author Last Name, Year (Rossman & Palmer, 2015) or Rossman and Palmer (2015)	Author Last Name, initials. (Year). Title of the work. [Format]. Source. URL. e.g. Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk [Infographic]. World Science Festival. https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/11/space-junk-infographic
Photograph	Photographer Last Name, Year (McCurry, 1985) or McCurry (1985)	Photographer Last Name, initials. (Year). Title of the work. [Format]. Source. URL. McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg

Format

In-text Citation

Reference list

Film or video

Director Last Name, Year

(Jackson, 2001)

Jackson(2001)

(Fosha & Levenson, 2017)

Fosha and Levenson (2017)

Director Last Name, initial. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of the motion picture. [Format]. Production Company.

Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film]. New Line Cinema; WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company.

Host Last Name, initials. (Host). (Year of production). Title of the video. [Format]. URL.

Fosha, D. (Guest Expert), & Levenson, H. (Host). (2017). Accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP) supervision [Film; educational DVD]. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310958.aspx

YouTube video or other streaming video

Uploader Last Name, Year

(Cutts, 2017)

Cutts (2017)

(University of Oxford, 2018)

University of Oxford (2018)

Uploader Last Name, initials. [Username*](Year, month date). Title of the video. [Video]. Streaming Service. URL.

*Omit the [Username] if the uploader's name is the same as the username.

Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/244405542

University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm1xGfOZJc8

In-text Citation

Reference list

Author Last Name, Year of publication

(Martin Lillie, 2016) or

Martin Lillie(2016)

Author Last Name, initials. (Year, Month Date*). Title of page. Site name. URL

* If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).

Martin Lillie, C. M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to yourself: How self-compassion can improve your resiliency. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-compassion-can-improve-your-resiliency/art-20267193

In-text Citation

Reference list

Author Last Name, Year of publication

(Huang et al., 2006) or

Huang et al. (2006)

Last Name, initials. & Last Name, initials. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24^th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox

In-text Citation

Reference list

Author Last Name, Year of publication

(APA Education, 2018)

APA Education (2018)

Twitter and IG

Author’s Last Name, Initials. [@username]. (Date). Title of post* [Description of audiovisuals or Type of post]. Site name. URL

*Content of the post up to the first 20 words.

APA Education [@APAEducation] (2018, June 29). College students are forming mental-health clubs—and they’re making a difference @washingtonpost [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/apaeducation/status/1012810490530140161

More Examples

More examples: APA Style Guide to Common Reference Examples

Citing Secondary Sources

Sometimes, you may want to cite an idea which an author refers to another researcher's work. It's called an "secondary source". Here're the tips on how to cite a secondary source via the APA Style website and the Purdue OWL website (see "Work Discussed in a Secondary Source" section). You can also the information in Section 8.6 "Primary and Secondary Sources" of the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association : The official guide to APA style. (Seventh ed.).